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National Population Program

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">National Population Program</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Programa Nacional de Población</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Logo of the National Program for Reproductive Health and Family Planning (PNSRPF)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type of project</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Human_population_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population control">Human population control</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Key people</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a> <a href="Vladimiro_Montesinos" title="Vladimiro Montesinos">Vladimiro Montesinos</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launched</th><td class="infobox-data">1987 (1987)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closed</th><td class="infobox-data">2002 (2002)</td></tr></tbody></table>

The National Population Program (Spanish: Programa Nacional de Población), known as the National Program for Reproductive Health and Family Planning (Spanish: Programa Nacional de Salud Reproductiva y Planificación Familiar (PNSRPF)) from 1996 to 1998, was a project conducted in <a href="Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> in through the 1990s to reduce population growth as a way of meeting international demographic standards. Plans for the "<a href="Genocide" title="Genocide">total extermination</a>" of impoverished Peruvians through sterilization were included in <a href="Plan_Verde" title="Plan Verde">Plan Verde</a>, a covert military operation created to establish a <a href="Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> <a href="Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a>. <a href="Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a>, which is a method that forces individuals to partake in sterilization operations, was the main method employed by the Peruvian government to decrease population.

Compulsory sterilization in the case of Peru under President <a href="Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a> was a program strictly intended to lower national population growth by decreasing the fertility rate among women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoesten2007-1">[1]</a> The program targeted Peru's impoverished, indigenous, and marginalized communities and therefore implied the government's intention to diminish the rural population in order to enhance future economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoesten2007-1">[1]</a> Overall, more than 300,000 Peruvian women were <a href="Forced_sterilization_in_Peru" title="Forced sterilization in Peru">forcibly sterilized</a> in the 1990s during the program.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Velasco_government">Velasco government</h3></div>

In 1968, the military overthrew President <a href="Fernando_Bela%C3%BAnde_Terry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando Belaúnde Terry">Fernando Belaúnde Terry</a> and remained in occupation of the government for an entire decade. Within this decade-long military regime under appointed President <a href="Juan_Velasco_Alvarado" title="Juan Velasco Alvarado">Juan Velasco Alvarado</a>, the Peruvian government made significant leftist reforms and intended to give justice to the poor and outlined the first defined population program in Peru's history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwig2006636–637-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe2004-3">[3]</a> President Velasco rejected the popular population control theories at the time, adopting a population program that was <a href="Pronatalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronatalism">pronatalist</a> and in line with teachings of the <a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwig2006636–637-2">[2]</a> Velasco also rejected population control efforts on grounds that they were <a href="Imperialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperialist">imperialist</a> activities being performed by the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>; the United States had been increasingly promoting population control in Latin America at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwig2006636–637-2">[2]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Population_Policy_Guidelines">National Population Policy Guidelines</h3></div>

Following the fall of the Velasco government, the Plan of Action of the 1974 <a href="World_Population_Conference" title="World Population Conference">World Population Conference</a> organized by the <a href="United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> motivated the Velasco's successor, <a href="Francisco_Morales-Berm%C3%BAdez" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Morales-Bermúdez">Francisco Morales-Bermúdez</a>, to undertake population control policy with the aim to benefit Peru, with the National Population Policy Guidelines of 1976, DS 625-76-SA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwig2006636–637-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-4">[4]</a> The new guidelines reversed the policy of the Velasco government; contraceptives were promoted and planned families were promoted while <a href="Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusianist</a> policies were adopted, arguing that population control was necessary for economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwig2006636–637-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-4">[4]</a> In 1979, Morales Bermúdez government adopted a new national constitution and focused on regaining economic strength within the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe200459-5">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_on_National_Population_Policy">Law on National Population Policy</h3></div>

Under this new constitution, population growth and families' rights to fertility were topics of political concern.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe200459-5">[5]</a> As a result of this new focus, the Ministry of Health began to offer public services towards family planning in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe200459-5">[5]</a> On 6 July 1985, the National Population Policy Law, DL No. 346, was passed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe200459-5">[5]</a> The population policy law, which continues to be in effect, intends to promote "a balanced relationship between population size, structure and distribution, and socio-economic development."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe200459-5">[5]</a> The law also specifically catered to the enhancement and protection of the human rights of Peruvian citizens with its promise to ensure voluntary and informed consent in issues regarding contraception and health services.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwig2006640–641-6">[6]</a> However, Peru's government was still in the midst of <a href="Internal_conflict_in_Peru" title="Internal conflict in Peru">internal conflict</a>. Due to a lack of political support, there was not enough funding for the programs needed to carry out the National Population Policy Law. As a result, implementation of the law remained hampered until the presidency of Alberto Fujimori.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe200459-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-4">[4]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3></div>

By 1992, Peru would be ranked as having the fifth highest population in the Latin American region with an estimated number of 22,767,543 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-Congress-7">[7]</a> The country is generally split into three geographic regions: the coastal region, the highlands, and the selva (meaning forest, the Amazon region). As of 1990, the demographics for these areas were as follows: 53% of the nation's population in the coastal region, 36% percent in the highlands, and 11% in the rainforest.<a href="#cite_note-Congress-7">[7]</a> The issue of population growth in Peru is directly connected with the social, political and economic inequality within the country. The average number of childbirths for Peruvian women is higher than that of Latin America's general average and also higher than the average of women in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-8">[8]</a> As for the comparison of birth rates within the country, 1.7 is the average number of children per woman with a university or college education while the average is 6.2 children per woman for those who have little or no education.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-8">[8]</a> Women living in rural areas, mostly of indigenous descent, have the highest average birth rate at 7.1 children per woman.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-8">[8]</a>

In the Andean countryside, the maternal mortality ratio is "very high for the region" at 185 deaths per 100,000 live births.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoesten2007-1">[1]</a> In addition, there are 66 abortions for every 100 live births, even though abortion is illegal in Peru and therefore is most likely conducted with high risk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoesten2007-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Projects">Projects</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Population_Program_(1987–1990)">National Population Program (1987–1990)</h3></div>

Two years after the Law on National Population Policy was signed into law in July 1985, the National Population Program, or Programa Nacional de Población, was established in 1987 through a Presidential Population Commission of President <a href="Alan_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Alan García">Alan García</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-4">[4]</a> Due to the various crises occurring at the time, only some of the programs were able to be implemented.<a href="#cite_note-:02-4">[4]</a> The García government agreed with the Catholic Church that abortions and sterilizations would be prohibited in Peru.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwig2006637–638-9">[9]</a> The main strategy of the initial National Population Program under the García administration focused on the dispersal of contraceptives and minor family planning programs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwig2006-10">[10]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plan_Verde">Plan Verde</h4></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Plan_Verde" title="Plan Verde">Plan Verde</a></div>

The Peruvian armed forces grew frustrated with the inability of the García administration to handle the nation's crises and began to draft a plan to overthrow his government.<a href="#cite_note-:4-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alfredo3-12">[12]</a> According to Peruvian sociologist and political analyst Fernando Rospigliosi, Peru's business elites held relationships with the military planners, leaving an impression that a <a href="Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> economy must be adopted in Peru.<a href="#cite_note-:102-13">[13]</a>

Between 1988 and 1989, a <a href="Coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> was initially planned to oust President García.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40-14">[14]</a> In October 1989, a group of the armed forces finalized plans to overthrow the García government with a volume of the plan titled Driving Peru into the XXI century.<a href="#cite_note-CANbio22-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-:622-16">[16]</a> The goals were to establish Peru as a <a href="Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed country</a> through the turn of the twenty-first century by establishing a neoliberal economy with policies similar to Chile's or those proposed by <a href="Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40-14">[14]</a> This volume also details plans to sterilize impoverished citizens in what Rospigliosi described as "ideas frankly similar to the Nazis", with the military writing that "the general use of sterilization processes for culturally backward and economically impoverished groups is convenient", describing these groups as "unnecessary burdens" and that "given their incorrigible character and lack of resources ... there is only their total extermination".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40-14">[14]</a> The extermination of vulnerable Peruvians was described by planners as "an economic interest, it is an essential constant in the strategy of power and development of the state".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40-14">[14]</a>

Plan Verde was later redeveloped to include <a href="Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a> as the head of a "civil-military" government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40,_46–47-17">[17]</a> Peruvian magazine <a href="Oiga_(magazine)" title="Oiga (magazine)">Oiga</a> reported that Fujimori was to be directed on accepting the military's plan at least twenty-four hours before his inauguration.<a href="#cite_note-:622-16">[16]</a> Fujimori would go on to adopt many of the policies outlined in Plan Verde.<a href="#cite_note-Alfredo3-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-:102-13">[13]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Population_Program_(1991–1995)">National Population Program (1991–1995)</h3></div>

Since his 1990 electoral campaign, Fujimori and the Catholic Church disapproved of each other, with the Fujimori completely disregarding the Church's views on sterilization as a mutilation of the body.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwig2006640–641-6">[6]</a> In 1991, a new National Population Program was developed by the National Population Council.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe200459-5">[5]</a> With the compliance of Fujimori, plans for a coup as designed in Plan Verde were prepared over a two-year period and finally executed during the <a href="1992_Peruvian_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Peruvian coup d'état">1992 Peruvian coup d'état</a>, which ultimately established a civilian-military regime and began the institution of objectives presented in Plan Verde.<a href="#cite_note-LAgolpe1-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alfredo3-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-:622-16">[16]</a> The coup, however, resulted with USAID stopping its funding of population programs in Peru.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwig2006640-19">[19]</a> In 1993, a National Report on Population and Development of the Fujimori government argued that the previous program was insufficient and promoted large expansions for the program.<a href="#cite_note-:02-4">[4]</a>

Although Fujimori was a supporter of family planning in public, the new National Population Program and its specific goals and strategies seemingly counteracted the law's initial purpose of preserving individual human rights.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Goals">Goals</h4></div>

With the newly drafted version of the National Population Program (Programa Nacional de Población) under Fujimori, goals were specified in the context of demographics. The Peruvian Ministry of Health's program manager stated that impoverished indigenous women are "poor and producing more poor people. The President is aware that the government cannot fight poverty without reducing the poor people's fertility. Thus, demographic goals are a combination of the population's right to access family planning and the government's anti-poverty strategy."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe200461–62-20">[20]</a> The program was targeted towards poor women who had "little or no formal education".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe200462-21">[21]</a> Thus, the program intended to:

<ul><li>reduce population growth rate from 2.1% to 2%</li>

<li>reduce the total fertility rate from 3.5% to 3.3%</li>

<li>reduce maternal and child mortality rates</li>

<li>foster "equitable socio-economic opportunities" between men and women<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe200459-5">[5]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Strategies">Strategies</h4></div>

The National Population program called on both public and private sectors to assist in its strategic implementation. Furthermore, seven strategies were laid out as guidelines to reach the intended demographic goals:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe200459-5">[5]</a>

<ul><li>reproductive health and family planning</li>

<li>communication and information dissemination</li>

<li>decentralization of population policy</li>

<li>education</li>

<li>production of research and statistics</li>

<li>advancement of women and youth</li>

<li>environmental protection</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Program_for_Reproductive_Health_and_Family_Planning_(1995–1998)">National Program for Reproductive Health and Family Planning (1995–1998)</h3></div>

Following the <a href="1995_Peruvian_general_election" title="1995 Peruvian general election">1995 re-election</a> of President Fujimori and the approval of his speech at the World Population Conference in Beijing among international observers and Peruvian feminists, population control measures and sterilizations increased dramatically.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwig2006-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Fujimori's new rhetoric provided an opening of international funding for population programs, specifically from USAID, following the initial disapproval of his governance on the global stage after his self-coup.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwig2006-10">[10]</a> The new plan, the National Program for Reproductive Health and Family Planning (PNSRPF), largely followed the existing National Population Program, though it utilized modern and more progressive wording in order to establish support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwig2006-10">[10]</a> The new approach of the Fujimori government viewed sterilization as a method of statistical poverty reduction instead of a <a href="Reproductive_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive right">reproductive right</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwig2006-10">[10]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Planning">Planning</h4></div>

The Fujimori government, especially the offices of the presidency and prime minister, determined that sterilizations were a primary tool for economic development, revealing their intentions regarding population control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwig2006643–644-23">[23]</a> In a previous 1993 report, a National Report on Population and Development of the Fujimori government argued that the previous program was insufficient and promoted large expansions for the program.<a href="#cite_note-:02-4">[4]</a> That same year, the prime minister's report titled "Basic Social Policy Guidelines" was largely influential on population policy, arguing that population projections would leave Peru unable to provide basic social services.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwig2006-10">[10]</a> The "Social Policy: Situation and Perspectives" document also presented that permanent birth control targeted for the poor was one of thirteen main economic recovery policies of the Fujimori administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwig2006-10">[10]</a>

The government also prepared propaganda outside of health clinics that showed contrasting images of an indigenous family with multiple children living impoverished in unsanitary conditions beside a separate image of a European-appearing family with two children holding schoolbooks outside of a modern home with a well-manicured lawn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwig2006-10">[10]</a> Government propaganda also showed images of the desired effect of family planning showing families with only sons, knowing that indigenous women carry the traditions of their culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwig2006644-24">[24]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Implementation">Implementation</h4></div>

President Fujimori placed pressure upon PNSRPF program staff to meet sterilization quotas and workers faced poor conditions, resulting with human rights abuses often occurring.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwig2006644-24">[24]</a> The Fujimori government used sterilization rates as an indicator of poverty reduction, with the Fujimori-appointed program director Eduardo Yong Motta contacting clinics weekly demanding increased quotas according to staff.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwig2006644-24">[24]</a> Fujimori's well-known <a href="Micromanaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Micromanaging">micromanaging</a> techniques also resulted with the president even visiting regional program leaders directly to demand increased sterilizations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwig2006644-24">[24]</a>

PNSRPF staff were hired on contracts based on sterilization quotas and were often provided bonus payments during sterilization campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwig2006644-24">[24]</a> Most of the personnel hired were also not properly trained and much of the equipment used was outdated and lacking in quality. The counseling services provided to patients were also backed by poorly trained staff and many women were not given "quality information prior to procedures".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe200462-21">[21]</a> When sterilizations were given, they were done so in a hurriedly manner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe2004-3">[3]</a> "Teams were dispatched one day at a time to perform procedures" and therefore attempted to cover large masses of women in rural areas in very minimal amounts of time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe200462-21">[21]</a> As a result, patients were denied sufficient and proper treatment and rarely received follow-up care.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe200462-21">[21]</a>

A former physician for the Ministry of Health confirms these practices:

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote">We were required to perform a certain number of sterilizations each month. This was obligatory and if we did not comply, we were fired. Many providers did not inform women that they were going to be sterilized - they told them that the procedure was something else. But I felt this was wrong. I preferred to offer women a bag of rice to convince them to accept the procedure and explained to them beforehand what was going to happen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe200462-21">[21]</a></blockquote>

Bribery, threats, and deception towards patients were methods used in the implementation of such procedures by medical personnel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe200462-21">[21]</a> A large number of the indigenous Peruvian population speaks <a href="Quechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua languages">Quechua</a> and are unable to read, write, and sometimes even communicate in Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe2004-3">[3]</a> Many women were deceived by personnel and told that the procedures were operations other than sterilization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe2004-3">[3]</a> There were also instances of men being told they would be fined or jailed if they did not order their wives to have the operation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe2004-3">[3]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Outcome">Outcome</h4></div>

The number of annual sterilizations in Peru rose drastically. Prior to the program, there were less than 15,000 sterilizations performed per year and women could only have the operation performed "if they had a health risk, four or more children, or were above a certain age".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe200462-21">[21]</a> However, after 1995 when sterilizations began to be performed, there were no pre-existing conditions necessary for sterilizations other than that women had to be considered part of Peru's poor and disenfranchised community. In addition, the number of annual sterilization procedures rose after the program's implementation from 15,000 to 67,000 in 1996 and 115,000 in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe200462-21">[21]</a> In total, more than 300,000 Peruvians were victims of forced sterilization in the 1990s, with the majority being affected by the National Population Program.<a href="#cite_note-CANbio22-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-:03-25">[25]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Population_Plan_(1998–2002)">National Population Plan (1998–2002)</h3></div>

The program was reformed under the guidance of the Ministry for the Advancement of Women and Human Development (PROMUDEH) following recommendations from the <a href="International_Conference_on_Population_and_Development" title="International Conference on Population and Development">International Conference on Population and Development</a> in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-:02-4">[4]</a>

In 1998, the Peruvian government and the Ministry of Health agreed to reform the controversial aspects of the National Population Program, establishing the Plan Nacional de Población.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe200463-26">[26]</a> The elimination of numeric goals was arguably the most important change to the program as demographic goals and quotas were no longer needed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwig2006-10">[10]</a> While sterilization was not eliminated, the reforms for the implementation of the procedure included:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe200463-26">[26]</a>

<ul><li>new counseling guidelines</li>

<li>new consent forms</li>

<li>two counseling sessions for patients</li>

<li>72-hour waiting period between second counseling session and sterilization</li>

<li>24-hour hospitalization after the procedure</li>

<li>certifications for health facilities and physicians</li></ul>

The plan was to introduce more sexual education and to include more males into the project to ensure that a minimum of 10% began using contraceptive measures.<a href="#cite_note-:02-4">[4]</a> Finally, the language of the National Population Program was also changed. Rather than a target of 2.5 births per woman as it was written in the original law in 1991, the reformed program intended to "reach a total fertility rate compatible with the individual reproductive intentions".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe200464-27">[27]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_sterilizations">Forced sterilizations</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Forced_sterilization_in_Peru" title="Forced sterilization in Peru">Forced sterilization in Peru</a></div>

The plan's forced sterilization of vulnerable groups through the Programa Nacional de Población has been variably described as an <a href="Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> or <a href="Genocidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocidal">genocidal</a> operation.<a href="#cite_note-Back_&_Zavala-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Getgen-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-CAAAP-31">[31]</a> According to Back and Zavala, the plan was an example of ethnic cleansing as it targeted indigenous and rural women.<a href="#cite_note-Back_&_Zavala-28">[28]</a> Jocelyn E. Getgen of <a href="Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> wrote that the systemic nature of sterilizations and the <a href="Mens_rea" title="Mens rea">mens rea</a> of officials who drafted the plan proved an act of genocide.<a href="#cite_note-Getgen-29">[29]</a> The Centro Amazónico de Antropología y Aplicación Práctica non-profit stated that the act "was the largest genocide since <a href="Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">[Peru's] colonization</a>".<a href="#cite_note-CAAAP-31">[31]</a> At least 300,000 Peruvians were victims of forced sterilization in the 1990s, with the majority being affected by the PNSRPF.<a href="#cite_note-CANbio22-15">[15]</a> The policy of sterilizations resulted in a generational shift that included a smaller younger generation that could not provide economic stimulation to rural areas, making such regions more impoverished.<a href="#cite_note-:72-32">[32]</a>

In 1997, the newspaper <a href="La_Rep%C3%BAblica_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="La República (Peru)">La República</a> reported on the human rights violations of the National Population Program and sparked a nationwide debate that brought the government's actions to the forefront of Peruvian media.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe2004-3">[3]</a> Because the procedures of the National Population Program went against Peru's constitutional law and violated human rights law, foreign donors threatened to suspend support for any aspects of the program that were sterilization related. Many public organizations, such as the <a href="Flora_Trist%C3%A1n_Peruvian_Women's_Center" title="Flora Tristán Peruvian Women's Center">Flora Tristán Peruvian Women's Center</a> and the Comité de América Latina y el Caribe para la Defensa de los Derechos de la Mujer (<a href="CLADEM" title="CLADEM">CLADEM</a>), began to voice their concerns for the program and attempt to obtain evidence against the Ministry of Health and the Peruvian government for their covert actions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe200463-26">[26]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_involvement">Foreign involvement</h3></div>

Without full support from the Catholic Church, outside funding was required for the program's success. International pressure to meet population standards became evident when the <a href="International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> suggested that the Peruvian government cut funding for social services to allow for more spending in areas called for by the program.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe200459–60-33">[33]</a> In addition, the <a href="United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">United States Agency for International Development (USAID)</a> contributed US$85 million between 1994 and 1998. Because the financial support from foreign donors brought economic and political pressure upon Fujimori to meet international standards, the plan to decrease population growth consequently became more focused on quotas than individual rights and health issues. In documents provided by the <a href="Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a>, investigators cited E. Liagin, who reported that from 1993 to 1998, "USAID's own internal files reveal that in 1993 the US basically took over Peru's national health system" during the period of forced sterilizations, with E. Liagin concluding that it was "virtually inconceivable that sterilization abuses could have occurred in the systematic way that has been documented without the knowledge of USAID local administrators and their counterparts in Washington".<a href="#cite_note-:3-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-35">[35]</a>

In 1998 after facing pressure following investigations by the <a href="Population_Research_Institute_(organization)" title="Population Research Institute (organization)">Population Research Institute</a>, USAID ceased funding for sterilizations in Peru.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Sterilizations continued until President Fujimori fled to Japan in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-:72-32">[32]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reform">Reform</h2></div>

The Peruvian government began the Specific Population Plans and Laws effort for 2003 onward, using specific programs to target needs of special population needs.<a href="#cite_note-:02-4">[4]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-Schmidt-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt_8-2">c</a> Schmidt, Bria. "Forced Sterilization in Peru." Political Environments #6, 1998

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwig2006637–638-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEwig2006637–638_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEwig2006">Ewig 2006</a>, pp. 637–638.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwig2006-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEwig2006_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEwig2006_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEwig2006_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEwig2006_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEwig2006_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEwig2006_10-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEwig2006_10-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEwig2006_10-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEwig2006_10-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFEwig2006">Ewig 2006</a>.

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<li id="cite_note-:4-11"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBurt1998" class="citation journal cs1">Burt, Jo-Marie (September–October 1998). "Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru". <a href="NACLA" class="mw-redirect" title="NACLA">NACLA Report on the Americas</a>. 32 (2). <a href="Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 35–41. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10714839.1998.11725657">10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657</a>. <q>the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the "Plan Verde," outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Alfredo3-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alfredo3_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alfredo3_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alfredo3_12-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFSchulte-Bockholt2006" class="citation book cs1">Schulte-Bockholt, Alfredo (2006). "Chapter 5: Elites, Cocaine, and Power in Colombia and Peru". The politics of organized crime and the organized crime of politics: a study in criminal power. <a href="Lexington_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Books">Lexington Books</a>. pp. 114–118. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7391-1358-5</bdi>. <q>important members of the officer corps, particularly within the army, had been contemplating a military coup and the establishment of an authoritarian regime, or a so-called directed democracy. The project was known as 'Plan Verde', the Green Plan. ... Fujimori essentially adopted the 'Plan Verde,' and the military became a partner in the regime. ... The autogolpe, or self-coup, of April 5, 1992, dissolved the Congress and the country's constitution and allowed for the implementation of the most important components of the 'Plan Verde.'</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-:102-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:102_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:102_13-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFAvilés2009" class="citation journal cs1">Avilés, William (Spring 2009). "Despite Insurgency: Reducing Military Prerogatives in Colombia and Peru". <a href="Latin_American_Politics_and_Society" title="Latin American Politics and Society">Latin American Politics and Society</a>. 51 (1). <a href="Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 57–85. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1548-2456.2009.00040.x">10.1111/j.1548-2456.2009.00040.x</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154153310">154153310</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_14-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRospigliosi1996">Rospigliosi 1996</a>, pp. 28–40.

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<li id="cite_note-CANbio22-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CANbio22_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CANbio22_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CANbio22_15-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFGaussens2020" class="citation journal cs1">Gaussens, Pierre (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F1073797ar">"The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s"</a>. <a href="Canadian_Journal_of_Bioethics" title="Canadian Journal of Bioethics">Canadian Journal of Bioethics</a>. 3 (3): 180+. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F1073797ar">10.7202/1073797ar</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234586692">234586692</a>. <q>a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-:622-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:622_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:622_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:622_16-2">c</a> <cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde">"El "Plan Verde" Historia de una traición"</a> [The "Green Plan" Story of a betrayal]. <a href="Oiga_(magazine)" title="Oiga (magazine)">Oiga</a> (in Spanish). 647. 12 July 1993.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40,_46–47-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40,_46–47_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRospigliosi1996">Rospigliosi 1996</a>, pp. 28–40, 46–47.

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<li id="cite_note-LAgolpe1-18"><a href="#cite_ref-LAgolpe1_18-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCameron1998" class="citation journal cs1">Cameron, Maxwell A. (June 1998). "Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation". <a href="Third_World_Quarterly" title="Third World Quarterly">Third World Quarterly</a>. 19 (2). <a href="Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 228. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01436599814433">10.1080/01436599814433</a>. <q>the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Plan Verde was shown to President Fujimorti after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwig2006640-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEwig2006640_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEwig2006">Ewig 2006</a>, p. 640.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe200461–62-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoe200461–62_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoe2004">Coe 2004</a>, pp. 61–62.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwig2006643–644-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEwig2006643–644_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEwig2006">Ewig 2006</a>, p. 643–644.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwig2006644-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEwig2006644_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEwig2006644_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEwig2006644_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEwig2006644_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEwig2006644_24-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFEwig2006">Ewig 2006</a>, p. 644.

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<li id="cite_note-:03-25"><a href="#cite_ref-:03_25-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPapaleo2021" class="citation news cs1">Papaleo, Cristina (12 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/peru-hope-for-the-victims-of-forced-sterilizations/a-56551627">"Peru: Hope for the victims of forced sterilizations"</a>. <a href="Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. Retrieved 6 February 2022.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe200463-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoe200463_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoe200463_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoe200463_26-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoe2004">Coe 2004</a>, p. 63.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe200464-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoe200464_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoe2004">Coe 2004</a>, p. 64.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Back_&_Zavala-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Back_&_Zavala_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Back_&_Zavala_28-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFBackZavala2018" class="citation book cs1">Back, Michele; Zavala, Virginia (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/">Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú</a>. <a href="Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 286–291. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/">the original</a> on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021. <q>At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called El cuaderno verde. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. El cuaderno verde was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Getgen-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Getgen_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Getgen_29-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFGetgen2009" class="citation journal cs1">Getgen, Jocelyn E. (Winter 2009). "Untold Truths: The Exclusion of Enforced Sterilizations from the Peruvian Truth Commission's Final Report". Third World Journal. 29 (1): 1–34. <q>This Article argues that these systematic reproductive injustices constitute an act of genocide ... those individuals responsible for orchestrating enforced sterilizations against indigenous Quechua women arguably acted with the necessary <a href="Mens_rea" title="Mens rea">mens rea</a> to commit genocide since they knew or should have known that these coercive sterilizations would destroy, in whole or in part, the Quechua people. Highly probative evidence with which one could infer genocidal intent would include the Family Planning Program's specific targeting of poor indigenous women and the systematic nature of its quota system, articulated in the 1989 Plan for a Government of National Reconstruction, or 'Plan Verde.' ... The Plan continued by arguing ... the targeted areas possessed 'incorrigble characters' and lacked resources, all that was left was their 'total extermination.'</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCarranza_Ko2020" class="citation journal cs1">Carranza Ko, Ñusta (4 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol14/iss2/8">"Making the Case for Genocide, the Forced Sterilization of Indigenous Peoples of Peru"</a>. <a href="Genocide_Studies_and_Prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide Studies and Prevention">Genocide Studies and Prevention</a>. 14 (2): 90–103. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5038%2F1911-9933.14.2.1740">10.5038/1911-9933.14.2.1740</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1911-0359">1911-0359</a>. <q>a genocide did occur ... there was a case of genocide that involved the state against the reproductive rights of an ethnic minority, an institutionalized genocide via a state policy.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-CAAAP-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CAAAP_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAAAP_31-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240506120050/https://caaap.org.pe/2016/05/31/la-esterilizacion-forzada-en-peru-fue-el-mayor-genocidio-desde-su-colonizacion/">"La esterilización forzada en Perú fue el mayor genocidio desde su colonización"</a> [Forced sterilization in Peru was the largest genocide since its colonization]. Centro Amazónico de Antropología y Aplicación Práctica (CAAAP) (in Spanish). 31 May 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caaap.org.pe/2016/05/31/la-esterilizacion-forzada-en-peru-fue-el-mayor-genocidio-desde-su-colonizacion/">the original</a> on 6 May 2024. Retrieved 4 August 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:72-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:72_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:72_32-1">b</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231211120659/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2148793.stm">"Mass sterilisation scandal shocks Peru"</a>. <a href="BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 24 July 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2148793.stm">the original</a> on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoe200459–60-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoe200459–60_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoe2004">Coe 2004</a>, pp. 59–60.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:3-34"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_34-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMcMaken2018" class="citation web cs1">McMaken, Ryan (26 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fee.org/articles/the-us-government-led-a-program-that-forcibly-sterilized-thousands-of-peruvian-women/">"How the U.S. Government Led a Program That Forcibly Sterilized Thousands of Poor Peruvian Women in the 1990s"</a>. <a href="Foundation_for_Economic_Education" title="Foundation for Economic Education">Foundation for Economic Education</a>. Retrieved 4 August 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:12-35"><a href="#cite_ref-:12_35-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trdd.org/PERU_Informe_Final_AQV.pdf">"Informe final sobre la aplicación de la anticoncepción quirúrgica voluntaria (AQV) en los años 1990-2000"</a> [Final report on the implementation of voluntary surgical contraception (VSC) in the years 1990-2000] (PDF). <a href="Congress_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of Peru">Congress of Peru</a> (in Spanish). June 2002.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRendón2013" class="citation book cs1">Rendón, Silvio (2013). La intervención de los Estados Unidos en el Perú. Editorial Sur. pp. 256–259. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9786124574139</bdi>. <q>this genocide stopped not due to the decisive intervention of Peruvian political and social organizations or forces, but by ... the PRI</q></cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBoesten2007" class="citation journal cs1">Boesten, Jelke (April 2007). "Free Choice or Poverty Alleviation? Population Politics in Peru under Alberto Fujimori". <a href="European_Review_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_Studies" title="European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies">European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies</a> (82): 3–20. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25676252">25676252</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCoe2004" class="citation journal cs1">Coe, Anna-Britt (November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1016/S0968-8080%2804%2924139-8">"From Anti-Natalist to Ultra-Conservative: Restricting Reproductive Choice in Peru"</a>. <a href="Reproductive_Health_Matters" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive Health Matters">Reproductive Health Matters</a>. 12 (24 (Power, Money and Autonomy in National Policies and Programmes)): 56–69. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0968-8080%2804%2924139-8">10.1016/S0968-8080(04)24139-8</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0968-8080">0968-8080</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFEwig2006" class="citation journal cs1">Ewig, Christina (Fall 2006). "Hijacking Global Feminism: Feminists, the Catholic Church, and the Family Planning Debacle in Peru". <a href="Feminist_Studies" title="Feminist Studies">Feminist Studies</a>. 32 (3): 633–659. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20459109">10.2307/20459109</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fspo.0499697.0032.309">2027/spo.0499697.0032.309</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20459109">20459109</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRospigliosi1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rospigliosi, Fernando (1996). Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista [The Armed Forces and April 5: the perception of the subversive threat as a coup motivation] (in Spanish). Lima, Peru: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bvs.minsa.gob.pe/local/minsa/315_PROG66.pdf">Programa Nacional de Salud Reproductiva y Planificación Familiar 1996-2000 book from Ministry of Health</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Genocide153" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">Genocides</a> (<a href="List_of_genocides" title="List of genocides">chronological list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Before_149087" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Genocides_in_history_(before_1490)" title="Genocides in history (before 1490)">Before 1490</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Siege_of_Carthage_(Third_Punic_War)#146_BC" title="Siege of Carthage (Third Punic War)">Destruction of Carthage</a> (146 BCE)</li>

<li><a href="Asiatic_Vespers" title="Asiatic Vespers">Asiatic Vespers</a> (88 BCE)</li>

<li><a href="Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gauls</a> (50s BCE)

<ul><li><a href="Eburones#Genocide_(53–51_BC)" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a> (132–136)</li>

<li><a href="Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Ancestral Puebloans</a> (800s)</li>

<li><a href="Harrying_of_the_North" title="Harrying of the North">Harrying of the North</a> (1069–1070)</li>

<li><a href="Destruction_under_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Destruction under the Mongol Empire">Mongol conquests</a> (1200s–1360s)</li>

<li><a href="Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Cathars</a> (1209–1229)</li>

<li><a href="1311_massacre_of_Mongols_in_the_Delhi_Sultanate" title="1311 massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate">Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate</a> (1311)</li>

<li><a href="Timurid_conquests_and_invasions" title="Timurid conquests and invasions">Timurid conquests</a> (1393–1394)</li>

<li><a href="Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Guanches</a> (1402–1496)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1490_to_191289" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Genocides_in_history_(1490_to_1914)" title="Genocides in history (1490 to 1914)">1490 to 1912</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ta%C3%ADno_genocide" title="Taíno genocide">Taíno</a> (1493–1550)

<ul><li><a href="Jaragua_massacre" title="Jaragua massacre">Jaragua massacre</a> (1503)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Genocide of Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous peoples in Brazil</a>

<ul><li><a href="Massacre_at_the_11th_Parallel" title="Massacre at the 11th Parallel">11th Parallel massacre</a> (1963)</li>

<li><a href="Man_of_the_Hole" title="Man of the Hole">Tanaru</a> (1970s–2009)</li>

<li><a href="Helmet_massacre" title="Helmet massacre">Helmet massacre</a> (1988)</li>

<li><a href="Akuntsu" title="Akuntsu">Akuntsu</a> (1990)</li>

<li><a href="Haximu_massacre" title="Haximu massacre">Haximu</a> (1993)</li>

<li><a href="Yanomami_humanitarian_crisis" title="Yanomami humanitarian crisis">Yanomami</a> (2019–2023)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Aztecs</a> (1521)</li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Kashmiri_Shias" title="Persecution of Kashmiri Shias">Kashmiri Shias</a> (1548–1872)</li>

<li><a href="St._Bartholomew's_Day_massacre" title="St. Bartholomew's Day massacre">Huguenots</a> (1572)</li>

<li><a href="Kalinago_genocide_of_1626" title="Kalinago genocide of 1626">Kalinago</a> (1626)</li>

<li><a href="Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Indigenous peoples in the United States</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequots</a> (1636–1638)</li>

<li><a href="Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> (1609–1701)

<ul><li><a href="Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Huron</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a> (1779)</li>

<li><a href="Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a> (1830–1847)</li>

<li><a href="Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a> (1830–1850)</li>

<li><a href="California_genocide" title="California genocide">California</a> (1846–1873)</li>

<li><a href="Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota</a> (1862)</li>

<li><a href="Osage_Indian_murders" title="Osage Indian murders">Osage Indian murders</a> (1918–1931)</li>

<li><a href="Cultural_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Cultural genocide in the United States">Cultural genocide</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples in Canada</a>

<ul><li><a href="Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> (1609–1701)</li>

<li><a href="Beothuk#Genocide" title="Beothuk">Beothuk</a> (1700s–1800s)</li>

<li><a href="Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Residential school system</a> (1874–1996)</li>

<li><a href="Sixties_Scoop" title="Sixties Scoop">Sixties Scoop</a> (1951–1985)</li>

<li><a href="Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate</a> (1648–1657)</li>

<li><a href="1740_Batavia_massacre" title="1740 Batavia massacre">1740 Batavia massacre</a> (1740)</li>

<li><a href="Great_Gypsy_Round-up" title="Great Gypsy Round-up">Great Gypsy Round-up</a> (1749)</li>

<li><a href="Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungars</a> (1750s)</li>

<li><a href="Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II</a> (1780–1783)</li>

<li><a href="Chechen_genocide" title="Chechen genocide">Chechens</a> (1785–2017)</li>

<li><a href="1804_Haitian_massacre" title="1804 Haitian massacre">French Hatians</a> (1804)</li>

<li><a href="Chahi_Taret_Khuntakpa" title="Chahi Taret Khuntakpa">Meiteis</a> (1819–1826)</li>

<li><a href="Genocide_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="Genocide of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous peoples in Australia</a>

<ul><li><a href="Black_War" title="Black War">Black War</a> (1825–1832)</li>

<li><a href="Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a> (1869–1977)</li>

<li><a href="Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">Pacification of Algeria</a> (1830–1875)

<ul><li><a href="Massacre_of_El_Ouffia" title="Massacre of El Ouffia">El Ouffia</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Massacre_of_Salsipuedes" title="Massacre of Salsipuedes">Charrúa</a> (1831)</li>

<li><a href="Moriori_genocide" title="Moriori genocide">Moriori</a> (1835)</li>

<li><a href="1843_and_1846_massacres_in_Hakkari" title="1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari">Assyrians in Hakkari</a> (1843–1846)</li>

<li><a href="Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Manchus</a> (1850–1864)</li>

<li><a href="Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassians</a> (1860s)</li>

<li><a href="Conquest_of_the_Desert" title="Conquest of the Desert">Mapuche</a> (1870s–1884)</li>

<li><a href="Putumayo_genocide" title="Putumayo genocide">Indigenous peoples in Putumayo</a> (1879–1913)</li>

<li><a href="Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Congolese</a> (1885–1908)</li>

<li><a href="Hazara_genocide" title="Hazara genocide">Hazaras</a> (1888–1893)</li>

<li><a href="Selknam_genocide" title="Selknam genocide">Selknam</a> (1890s–1900s)</li>

<li><a href="Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a> (1894–1896)</li>

<li><a href="Herero_and_Nama_genocide" title="Herero and Nama genocide">Herero and Nama</a> (1904–1907)</li>

<li><a href="Maji_Maji_Rebellion" title="Maji Maji Rebellion">Ukame</a> (1905–1907)</li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a>

<ul><li><a href="Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1913_to_1945109" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Genocides_in_history_(World_War_I_through_World_War_II)" title="Genocides in history (World War I through World War II)">1913 to 1945</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a>

<ul><li><a href="Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greeks</a> (1913–1923)

<ul><li><a href="Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greeks</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Expulsion_of_the_Thracian_Bulgarians" title="Expulsion of the Thracian Bulgarians">Thracian Bulgarians</a> (1913)</li>

<li><a href="Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrians</a> (1915–1919)</li>

<li><a href="Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenians</a> (1915–1917)</li>

<li><a href="1915_genocide_in_Diyarbekir" title="1915 genocide in Diyarbekir">Christians in Diyarbekir</a> (1915)</li>

<li><a href="Deportations_of_Kurds_(1916%E2%80%931934)" title="Deportations of Kurds (1916–1934)">Kurds</a> (1916–1934)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples in Venezuela">Indigenous peoples in Venezuela</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pemon_conflict" title="Pemon conflict">Pemon</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Kyrgyz</a> (1916–1917)</li>

<li><a href="Pogroms_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pogroms during the Russian Civil War">Jews during the Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1920)

<ul><li><a href="White_Terror_(Russia)" title="White Terror (Russia)">Russian White Terror</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="De-Cossackization" title="De-Cossackization">Cossacks</a> (1919–1933)</li>

<li><a href="Genocide_of_the_Ingrian_Finns" title="Genocide of the Ingrian Finns">Ingrian Finns</a> (1920s–1930s)</li>

<li><a href="1921%E2%80%931922_famine_in_Tatarstan" title="1921–1922 famine in Tatarstan">Volga Tatars and Germans</a> (1921–1922)</li>

<li><a href="Kant%C5%8D_Massacre" title="Kantō Massacre">Kantō Massacre</a> (1923)</li>

<li><a href="Napalp%C3%AD_massacre" title="Napalpí massacre">Napalpí massacre</a> (1924)</li>

<li><a href="Kinder_der_Landstrasse" title="Kinder der Landstrasse">Swiss Yenish, Sinti, and Manouche</a> (1926–1973)</li>

<li><a href="Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes in the Pacific War</a>

<ul><li><a href="War_crimes_in_Manchukuo" title="War crimes in Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> (1931–1945)</li>

<li><a href="Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a> (1937–1938)</li>

<li><a href="Three_Alls_policy" title="Three Alls policy">Three Alls policy</a> (1940–1942)</li>

<li><a href="Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a> (1942)</li>

<li><a href="Nanshitou_massacre" title="Nanshitou massacre">Nanshitou massacre</a> (1942–1945)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Libyan_genocide_(1929%E2%80%931934)" title="Libyan genocide (1929–1934)">Libyan Arabs</a> (1929–1934)</li>

<li><a href="Kazakh_famine_of_1930%E2%80%931933" title="Kazakh famine of 1930–1933">Kazakhs</a> (1930–1933)</li>

<li><a href="La_Matanza" title="La Matanza">La Matanza</a> (1932)</li>

<li><a href="Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a> (1932–1933)</li>

<li><a href="Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a> (1933)</li>

<li><a href="Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a> (1935–1945)</li>

<li><a href="White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">Spanish White Terror</a> (1936–1947)</li>

<li><a href="Yekatit_12" title="Yekatit 12">Yekatit 12</a> (1937)</li>

<li><a href="Polish_Operation_of_the_NKVD" title="Polish Operation of the NKVD">Polish Operation</a> (1937–1938)</li>

<li><a href="Dersim_massacre" title="Dersim massacre">Alevi Kurds</a> (1937–1938)</li>

<li><a href="Parsley_massacre" title="Parsley massacre">Parsley massacre</a> (1937)</li>

<li><a href="Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a> (1939–1945)

<ul><li><a href="Genocide_of_Poles_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Genocide of Poles by Nazi Germany">Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Baltic lands</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li>

<li><a href="Final_Solution_of_the_Czech_Question" title="Final Solution of the Czech Question">Czech lands</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li>

<li><a href="Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Hunger Plan</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1941–1945)</li>

<li><a href="German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs</a> (1941–1945)</li>

<li><a href="Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Serbs in Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li>

<li><a href="Chetnik_war_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="Chetnik war crimes in World War II">Muslims and Croats in Serbia</a> (1941–1945)</li>

<li><a href="Deportation_of_the_Chechens_and_Ingush" title="Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush">Chechens and Ingush</a> (1944–1948)</li>

<li><a href="Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> (1944–1948)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1946_to_199989" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">1946 to 1999</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hyderabad_massacres" title="Hyderabad massacres">Hyderabadi Muslims</a> (1948)</li>

<li><a href="Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples_in_Paraguay" title="Genocide of Indigenous peoples in Paraguay">Indigenous peoples in Paraguay</a> (1956–1989)</li>

<li><a href="Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua</a> (1962–)</li>

<li><a href="Massacre_of_Arabs_during_the_Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Massacre of Arabs during the Zanzibar Revolution">Arab and Indian Zanzibaris</a> (1964)</li>

<li><a href="1966_anti-Igbo_pogrom" title="1966 anti-Igbo pogrom">1966 anti-Igbo pogrom</a> (1966)</li>

<li><a href="Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Biafra_(1966–1970)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Biafra</a> (1966–1970)</li>

<li><a href="Francisco_Mac%C3%ADas_Nguema#Presidency" title="Francisco Macías Nguema">Equatoguinean</a> (1969–1979)</li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Feyli_Kurds_under_Saddam_Hussein" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Feyli Kurds under Saddam Hussein">Feyli Kurds</a> (1970–2003)</li>

<li><a href="Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh</a> (1971)</li>

<li><a href="Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Idi_Amin's_regime" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Acholi and Lango</a> (1972–1979)</li>

<li>Burundi

<li><a href="East_Timor_genocide" title="East Timor genocide">East Timor</a> (1974–1999)</li>

<li><a href="Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian</a> (1975–1979)</li>

<li><a href="Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_conflict" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict">Jummas</a> (1977–1997)</li>

<li><a href="Atrocity_crimes_in_the_Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Atrocity crimes in the Soviet–Afghan War">Afghans</a> (1979–1989)</li>

<li><a href="Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Bush_War_(1981–1985)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Baganda</a> (1981–1985)</li>

<li><a href="1982_Hama_massacre" title="1982 Hama massacre">1982 Hama massacre</a> (1982)</li>

<li><a href="Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre" title="Sabra and Shatila massacre">Sabra and Shatila massacre</a> (1982)</li>

<li><a href="Tamil_genocide" title="Tamil genocide">Sri Lankan Tamils</a> (1983–2009)</li>

<li><a href="Gukurahundi" title="Gukurahundi">Gukurahundi</a> (1983–1987)</li>

<li><a href="Anfal_campaign" title="Anfal campaign">Anfal</a> (1986–1989)</li>

<li><a href="Isaaq_genocide" title="Isaaq genocide">Isaaq</a> (1987–1989)</li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Amhara_people" title="Persecution of Amhara people">Amhara</a> (1990–)</li>

<li><a href="Draining_of_the_Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes">Ahwaris</a> (1991–2003)</li>

<li><a href="Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian</a> (1992–1995)

<ul><li><a href="Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica massacre</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan</a> (1994)</li>

<li><a href="Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War" title="Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War">Hutus during the First Congo War</a> (1996–1997)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="21st_century76" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="21st_century_genocides" title="21st century genocides">21st century</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Effacer_le_tableau" title="Effacer le tableau">Effacer le tableau</a> (2002–2003)</li>

<li><a href="Darfur_genocide" title="Darfur genocide">Darfur</a> (2003–)

<ul><li><a href="Masalit_massacres_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Masalit massacres (2023–present)">Masalit massacres</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sunni_Arab_genocide_in_Iraq" title="Sunni Arab genocide in Iraq">Iraqi Sunni Arabs</a> (2003–)</li>

<li><a href="Southern_Kaduna_genocide" title="Southern Kaduna genocide">Southern Kaduna</a> (2011–2023)</li>

<li><a href="Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen</a> (2014–2017)</li>

<li><a href="Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidis</a> (2014–2017)</li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Shias_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Shias by the Islamic State">Shias under ISIS</a> (2014–)</li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Christians under ISIS</a> (2014–)</li>

<li><a href="Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingyas, Kachins, and Burmese Muslims</a> (2017–)</li>

<li><a href="Genocide_in_Tigray" title="Genocide in Tigray">Tigrayans, Kunamas, and Irobs</a> (2020–2022)</li>

<li><a href="Bucha_massacre" title="Bucha massacre">Bucha massacre</a> (2022)</li>

<li><a href="Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">Gazans</a> (2023–)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li>

<li><a href="Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Autogenocide</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecocide#Genocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li>

<li><a href="Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li>

<li><a href="Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a>

<ul><li><a href="Androcide" title="Androcide">Androcide</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Transgender genocide</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">Genocide of indigenous peoples</a></li>

<li><a href="Memoricide" title="Memoricide">Memoricide</a></li>

<li><a href="Policide" title="Policide">Policide</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_cleansing_of_population#Politicide" title="Political cleansing of population">Politicide</a>

<ul><li><a href="Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a>

<ul><li><a href="Eliticide" title="Eliticide">Eliticide</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Utilitarian_genocide" title="Utilitarian genocide">Utilitarian genocide</a></li>

<li><a href="War_of_annihilation" title="War of annihilation">War of annihilation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_march" title="Death march">Death marches</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squades</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li>

<li><a href="Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></li>

<li><a href="Forced_adoption" title="Forced adoption">Forced adoption</a></li>

<li><a href="Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li>

<li><a href="Incitement_to_genocide" title="Incitement to genocide">Incitement</a></li>

<li><a href="Genocidal_massacre" title="Genocidal massacre">Massacres</a>

<ul><li><a href="Killing_Fields" title="Killing Fields">Killing Fields</a></li>

<li><a href="Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">Mass killing</a></li>

<li><a href="Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Urbicide" title="Urbicide">Urbicide</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Denial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">The Holocaust</a>

<ul><li><a href="Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">Trivialization</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_history_textbook_controversies" title="Japanese history textbook controversies">Japanese history textbook controversies</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanjing_Massacre_denial" title="Nanjing Massacre denial">Nanjing</a></li>

<li><a href="Denial_of_the_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Serbian</a></li>

<li><a href="Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian</a></li>

<li><a href="Rwandan_genocide_denial" title="Rwandan genocide denial">Rwandan</a></li>

<li><a href="Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor</a></li>

<li><a href="Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian</a></li>

<li><a href="Denial_of_genocides_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Denial of genocides of Indigenous peoples">Indigenous</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Genocide_definitions" title="Genocide definitions">Definitions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Names_of_the_Holocaust" title="Names of the Holocaust">Names of the Holocaust</a></li>

<li><a href="Terminology_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Terminology of the Armenian genocide">Terminology of the Armenian genocide</a></li>

<li>Holocaust terminology</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_parties_to_the_Genocide_Convention#Municipal_laws" title="List of parties to the Genocide Convention">Genocide law</a></li>

<li><a href="Genocide_prevention" title="Genocide prevention">Prevention</a></li>

<li><a href="Effects_of_genocide_on_youth" title="Effects of genocide on youth">Effects on young survivors</a></li>

<li><a href="Genocide_recognition_politics" title="Genocide recognition politics">Politics of recognition</a></li>

<li><a href="Genocide_justification" title="Genocide justification">Justification</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal proceedings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Holocaust_trials_(1943–2022)98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Holocaust trials (1943–2022)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Krasnodar_Trial" title="Krasnodar Trial">Krasnodar trial</a> (1943)</li>

<li><a href="Kharkov_Trial" title="Kharkov Trial">Kharkov trial</a> (1943)</li>

<li><a href="%C3%89puration_l%C3%A9gale" title="Épuration légale">Épuration légale</a> (1944–1951)</li>

<li><a href="Majdanek_trials" title="Majdanek trials">Majdanek trials</a> (1944–1989)</li>

<li><a href="Che%C5%82mno_trials" title="Chełmno trials">Chełmno trials</a> (1945–2001)</li>

<li><a href="Dachau_trials" title="Dachau trials">Dachau trials</a> (1945–1947)</li>

<li><a href="Belsen_trials" title="Belsen trials">Belsen trials</a> (1945–1948)</li>

<li><a href="Euthanasia_trials" title="Euthanasia trials">Euthanasia trials</a> (1945–1949)</li>

<li><a href="Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trial</a> (1945–1946)</li>

<li><a href="Minsk_Trial" title="Minsk Trial">Minsk trial</a> (1945–1946)</li>

<li><a href="Riga_Trial" title="Riga Trial">Riga trial</a> (1946)</li>

<li><a href="Stutthof_trials" title="Stutthof trials">Stutthof trials</a> (1946–1947)</li>

<li><a href="Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_Romanian_war_crime_trials" title="Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials">Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials</a> (1946–1953)</li>

<li><a href="Supreme_National_Tribunal" title="Supreme National Tribunal">Supreme National Tribunal</a> (1946–1948)</li>

<li><a href="Hamburg_Ravensbr%C3%BCck_trials" title="Hamburg Ravensbrück trials">Hamburg Ravensbrück trials</a> (1946–1948)</li>

<li><a href="Subsequent_Nuremberg_trials" title="Subsequent Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg Military Tribunals</a> (1946–1949)</li>

<li><a href="Trial_of_Erich_von_Manstein" title="Trial of Erich von Manstein">Erich von Manstein</a> (1949)</li>

<li><a href="Ulm_Einsatzkommando_trial" title="Ulm Einsatzkommando trial">Ulm Einsatzkommando trial</a> (1958)</li>

<li><a href="War_crimes_trials_in_Soviet_Estonia" title="War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia">War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia</a> (1961–1962)</li>

<li><a href="Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">Eichmann trial</a> (1961)</li>

<li><a href="Belzec_trial" title="Belzec trial">Belzec trial</a> (1963–1965)</li>

<li><a href="Frankfurt_Auschwitz_trials" title="Frankfurt Auschwitz trials">Frankfurt Auschwitz trials</a> (1963–1989)</li>

<li><a href="Treblinka_trials" title="Treblinka trials">Treblinka trials</a> (1964–1970)</li>

<li><a href="Sobibor_trial" title="Sobibor trial">Sobibor trial</a> (1965–1966)</li>

<li><a href="Feodor_Fedorenko#Soviet_trial_and_execution" title="Feodor Fedorenko">Fedorenko trial</a> (1986)</li>

<li><a href="Imre_Finta#War_crimes_prosecution" title="Imre Finta">Finta trial</a> (1994)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="20th_century49" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">20th century</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Trial_of_Mile_Budak" title="Trial of Mile Budak">Budak trial</a> (1945)</li>

<li><a href="International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a> (1946–1948)</li>

<li><a href="Trial_of_Mihailovi%C4%87_et_al." title="Trial of Mihailović et al.">Belgrade Process</a> (1946)</li>

<li><a href="Nanjing_War_Crimes_Tribunal" title="Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal">Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal</a> (1946–1948)</li>

<li><a href="Bosnian_genocide_case" title="Bosnian genocide case">Bosnian genocide case</a> (1993–2007)</li>

<li><a href="International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (1993–2017)

<ul><li><a href="Trial_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Trial of Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> (2002–2006)</li>

<li><a href="Trial_of_Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Trial of Radovan Karadžić">Radovan Karadžić</a> (2008–2016)</li>

<li><a href="Trial_of_Ratko_Mladi%C4%87" title="Trial of Ratko Mladić">Ratko Mladić</a> (2011–2017)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Trials_of_the_Derg_members" title="Trials of the Derg members">Trials of the Derg members</a> (1994–2008)</li>

<li><a href="International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a> (1994–2015)</li>

<li><a href="Khmer_Rouge_Tribunal" title="Khmer Rouge Tribunal">Khmer Rouge Tribunal</a> (1997–2022)</li>

<li><a href="Croatia%E2%80%93Serbia_genocide_case" title="Croatia–Serbia genocide case">Croatia–Serbia genocide case</a> (1999–2015)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="21st_century49" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">21st century</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Darfur" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur">International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur</a> (2005–)</li>

<li><a href="Permanent_Peoples'_Tribunal_on_Sri_Lanka" title="Permanent Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka">Permanent Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka</a> (2010–2023)</li>

<li><a href="International_Crimes_Tribunal_(Bangladesh)" title="International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)">International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh</a> (2012–)</li>

<li><a href="Mohammad_Salimullah_v._Union_of_India" title="Mohammad Salimullah v. Union of India">Mohammad Salimullah v. Union of India</a> (2017)</li>

<li><a href="Rohingya_genocide_case" title="Rohingya genocide case">Rohingya genocide case</a> (2019–)</li>

<li><a href="International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Bangladesh/Myanmar" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Bangladesh/Myanmar">International Criminal Court investigation in Bangladesh/Myanmar</a> (2019–)</li>

<li><a href="Uyghur_Tribunal" title="Uyghur Tribunal">Uyghur Tribunal</a> (2020–2021)</li>

<li><a href="International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Ukraine" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine">International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine</a> (2022–)</li>

<li><a href="Ukraine_v._Russian_Federation_(2022)" title="Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022)">Ukraine v. Russian Federation</a> (2022–)</li>

<li><a href="South_Africa's_genocide_case_against_Israel" title="South Africa's genocide case against Israel">South Africa v. Israel</a> (2023–)</li>

<li><a href="Defense_for_Children_International_%E2%80%93_Palestine_et_al_v._Biden_et_al" title="Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al">Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al</a> (2023–2024)</li>

<li><a href="Nicaragua_v._Germany" title="Nicaragua v. Germany">Nicaragua v. Germany</a> (2024)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-23" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=National_Population_Program&oldid=1302087505">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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